Can scaling be made seamless?
Posted 29 July 2008 @ 2:49 am by Nati Shalom
Putting together the two words "seamless scaling" in front of a technical audience is a very dangerous thing to do. The technically savvy folks are walking around with plenty of scars from previous attempts to scale their system - enough to know that there "scaling" and "seamless" couldn't be further apart. But nevertheless, in this post I'm going to take the risk and do just that :)
Basically what I'm going to try and argue is that while scaling can't be made seamless across the board, there are different techniques to make scaling seamless in certain scenarios, or at least very close to seamless. I will use GigaSpaces as an example of how to achieve seamless migration of existing JEE applications into a scale-out model, with zero or minimal change to the code. I'll also outline our general principles, which I believe are applicable to any application seeking seamless scaling.
The seamless scaling dogma
There has been a lot of discussion over the past year about different patterns of scalability. I devoted quite a few of my posts on this topic. Most of them centered around architecture - how we can use partitioning to avoid a data bottleneck, how we can use in-memory implementations to get better performance and concurrency compared to implementations based on the file-system, and how we can use an asynchronous event-driven architecture as a better way to scale our business logic.
Randy Shoup outlined these principles nicely in his infoQ article, Scalability Best Practices: Lessons from eBay. The dogma behind all these discussions and panels was that scaling requires a very rare set of skills, which average developers don't have, and that's why we're still seeing plenty of online system failure. The most recent was the iPhone launch failure.
Does scaling really have to be complex?
Well, if you look at Network Attached Storage as an example, you'll see there are alternatives to the traditional dogma around scaling. With storage systems, we don't really think of scaling that much. More so - our applications don't really need to be aware of the fact that they run over a local disk or a network -attached device. We can scale by adding disks, even hot-swapping them in some cases, even while our application is still running.
Now imagine what the world would look like if it wasn't that simple. If our application would need to be aware of what's behind the scenes of these storage devices and would have to be re-written to deal with these scaling issues. It's not that hard to imagine, is it? Most likely we would still have been talking about storage-related system failure as a result of bad architecture and implementations issues. But we don't have anything to talk about, because storage gave us a level of abstraction that enabled almost everyone, regardless of their skill-set, to deal with scaling without being an expert at it, or really even thinking about it much at all.
Can we learn any lessons from NAS about our ability to achieve seamless scalability?
Let's see what were the conditions that made seamless scaling with storage possible:
- Well-defined interface (or abstraction)
- Interface that fits the share-nothing approach to make it suitable for scaling
- Simple interface
- Widely-used interface
Now if we examine these principles as they apply to other layers of the application stack, we'll get a decent answer as to why we haven't been able to apply the same level of seamless scaling - which storage already provides - to these other layers.
In the data layer, the most commonly -used interface is SQL. SQL fit well with criteria (1) and (4) criteria but doesn't meet (2) and (3). HashTable fit well with (2) and (3) but unfortunately is less commonly used in distributed systems. JavaSpaces, like HashTable, fits (2) and (3) but is even less commonly used then HashTable. In the messaging tier, JMS fits well with (1), (3) and (4) but doesn't lend itself well to (2), and so on. And these are the cases where there is a well-defined standard. Unfortunately, in other layers of our applications it's even harder to find a well-defined standard that fits to all of these criteria.
To overcome this complexity, there have been other attempts to use the JVM bytecode as a lowest common denominator and introduce seamless scaling not at the middleware API level, but on the JVM level using bytecode manipulation. This seems like an elegant solution to the problem, however most of the existing distributed systems were not written as a standalone Java applications that get distributed by some sort of magic, so it fails mainly on the 4th criteria - it fits mainly to new applications that were designed with certain assumptions in mind about how the standalone Java code would behave in a distributed environment.
Now to the point - can we scale seamlessly?
Those who expect a simple yes-or-no answer to this question are going to be disappointed - there is no clear answer , because it depends on the specific application scenario, the way the application was written and the maturity of various standards around these applications.
In general I would say that Java-framework-based applications are in better condition then applications based on other frameworks, due to the maturity of the standards and the advanced layer of abstractions that are now available as part of framework such as Spring and Mule.
Seamless scaling at the application layer would most likely mean the ability to plug-in different underlying scalable implementations at the middleware layer (data, messaging, business-logic, presentation). The use of abstraction layers such as IOC in Spring/Mule and the new EJB3 abstraction gives more freedom to plug in different implementations that don't necessarily conform to the exact same standard API. That means that your code can remain intact when you plug in a different messaging implementation, for example, whether it is a JMS implementation, a space-based messaging, or remoting.
Some cases are going to be easier then others. For example, taking a SessionBean and scaling it by having multiple instances of that service running over a pool of machines, while viewing them all as if they where a single server, can be done through configuration changes only. We can do pretty much the same thing to the messaging layer, where we will have a virtual queue and topic rather then a centralized server.
On the data layer things are more tricky, as most of the commonly-used standards in this area don't fit criteria (2) very well. If our data model is built with a complex object graph, or if our queries depends on complex joins, then we're not going to be able to scale it out without changes to the code or to the domain model. But even in these more difficult cases, it's possible to minimize the scope of change by using the DAO pattern, declarative transactions and annotations as a mapping layer on top of the domain model. This means that even if the change can't be completely seamless, it will nevertheless be quite simple to achieve.
Learning from the GigaSpaces experience
At this point I'd like to use our specific experience at GigaSpaces to describe the methods we used to enable seamless scaling:
- Use standard APIs, but only when it makes sense. For years we chose not to implement large parts of the JEE standard, such as EJB and Entity beans, because they didn't fit the scale-out environment and were too bounded to database. What I'm trying to say is that implementing a standard API is not always going to make the transition to scale-out model seamless, so you should be careful which standard you pick.
- Leverage existing abstractions to plug in different implementations that are based on other APIs or technologies than the one originally used. We use this principle quite extensively in our OpenSpaces framework, to map our own transaction handlers, Remoting abstraction, to enable seamless scaling of SessionBeans , etc.
- Use annotations for mapping between different models.
- Use aspects to add new behavior when it makes sense. We use aspects in several cases such as filters/remoting aspects and security aspects. We will probably be using aspects more to address a more advanced level of serialization.
- Apply more tightly coupled integration to specific products/frameworks A good example for that is our Spring, Mule and upcoming web tier integration. This sort of integration enables an end-to-end seamless scaling story that makes the user experience significantly better. On the .Net side our integration with Office and Excel enables something equivalent.
- Use open source as a tool to open up the framework for extensions and other integration work. This is something that we introduced quite recently through our new OpenSpaces.org community site and found it to be a useful tool with many extensions already available. GigaSpaces users implemented their own extensions and made them available through the community site. The most recent one has been Camel integration.
Real life examples
Of course, this isn't just a theoretical discussion - we've been attempting to achieve this level of seamless scaling in practice since we introduced our middleware virtualization stack, which was our first attempt to address scaling of existing applications and not just new applications.
We have been involved in numerous scenarios of scaling out existing applications. An interesting example is detailed in Mickey's recent blog post, in which he describes in more detail how he was able to scale-out a JBoss/Oracle RAC-based application. Mickey provides a good description with code snippets that show the before and after effects, both in terms of code changes and obviously scaling and performance. You can find the details of that experience here. The bottom line of this case study is the fact that he was able to get that application from 15tx/sec to 1500tx/sec in less then 4 days! For me, measuring the time it takes to move your EXISTING application and see the immediate results is the ultimate measure. You have to agree that if the transition to a scale-out model wasn't seamless, it wouldn't have been possible to do in such a short time, and more importantly, without ripping and replacing the entire application. In Mickey's case, we started with decoupling of the database to get the initial scaling, and replaced the other layers incrementally.
Summary
Storage taught us the lesson of seamless scaling. Seamless scaling can be achieved on other layers of our application as well, using a combination of Standard APIs, Abstractions, Aspects and tailored integration. In most cases, seamless scaling would mean no changes to our application code but would require changes to configuration and packaging. Not all layers can make a fully seamless transition. But in those more difficult cases, we can use the same principles to significantly minimize the changes required for scaling.
In this post i wanted to share some of our GigaSpaces experience in that area as i believe many of the lessons and principles are pretty generic and can be applied to any project/product. At this point it is also important to note that this is not a one-off proposition. It's a continuous effort and requires a long-term roadmap and commitment. We've been struggling with this for years and applied every possible method to achieve this goal. Some required significant re-factoring of our entire infrtustructure. The lastest one has been the addition of our OpenSpaces framework as an open source development framework based on Spring. With this change, we can easily support more APIs and frameworks, as well as build an entire ecosystem around it that will enable others to apply the same model to even more frameworks and applications very easily.
You may wonder why we, as a commercial company, would want to do this - after all it also means that GigaSpaces can be replaced much more easily. Well, the reason is fairly simple - we believe that our success and adoption will be much higher if we can get to the point where scaling any application through GigaSpaces won't require any changes to code. It took few years and an intensive effort to get a point were I can feel comfertable to use the two words "Seamless Scaling". Now we're starting to see the fruits of that effort - just see the recent post by Seon Lee who appears to be one of the Mule users: Mule 2.0 + GigaSpaces 6.5 = Pure Sex:
Gigaspaces released 6.5 with API integration with Mule 2.0 … this is just plain awesome. You can use Gigaspaces as the transport (e.g. in place of JMS) and quickly get a SBA up and running utilizing the same concepts I used at RHG when we were servicing B2B problems. You also get the advantage of the clustering ability and fault tolerance that comes with Gigaspaces – which is just pure sex – not to mention all the other great features that come with this advanced Javaspaces implementation (i.e. management tools, monitoring tools, data partitioning, performance features like batching).
I expect to see even more on that line with our latest 6.6 release which includes Seamless Scaling of Web application - check that out!
